Basketball
In contrast to other sports, basketball has a clear origin. It is not the evolution from an ancient game or another sport and the inventor is well known: Dr. James Naismith.
Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada. He graduated as a physician at McGill University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports physiology.
In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School (today, Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding in 14 days an indoor game to provide "athletic distraction" for the students at the School for Christian Workers
After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse, Naismith recalled the concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that involved accuracy attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it.
Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game of basketball.
Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half the size of a present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into the basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each time and dribbling (bouncing of the ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original game.
The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the YMCA movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced in many nations. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
There were only thirteen rules of "basket ball".
Dr. Luther Gulick-head of Physical education in Springfield College.
Mr. Lew Allen- made the cylindrical baskets of heavy woven wire.
5 Principles in Basketball
Facilities and Equipment
The only essential equipment in basketball is the basketball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
A regulation basketball court in international games is 28 by 15 meters (approx. 92 by 49 ft) and in the NBA is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most courts are made of wood. A steel basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the court. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (1.2 m) inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height; a rim that is off by but a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.
There are also regulations on the size a basketball should be. If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5" in circumference (size 6) and a weight of 20 oz. For men, the official ball is 29.5" in circumference (size 7) and weighs 22 oz.
Other equipment
Players and substitute
5 Basic Elements in Basketball
Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform quickly and properly. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills. While some players might be more experienced with some skills than others, it is best to have at least some ability in all five areas.
Dribbling
Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both hands.
Shooting
In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.
Running
Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball, running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.
Passing
Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.
Jumping
Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.
Other form of Strategy:
Types of Foul
Basketball has always had the concept of fouls. In 1891, James Naismith's original 13 rules[1] defined a foul as:
Originally, on a player's second foul, the player would be removed without substitution until the next successful goal (similar to a penalty in ice hockey). Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws. In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws.
The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets as many free throws as the point value of the shot he or she attempted (except that, if the shot was successful, the player takes one free throw).
Charging and blocking"Offensive fouls" redirects here.
When significant illegal contact between the ball-carrier and a defender occurs, it usually means that either --
Generally, the ball-carrier committed a charge if all of the following are true:
A charging foul is not called if the ball-handler is within a 4-foot (1.22m) radius around the center of the basket (known as the "restricted area"). That is, if the ball-carrier is under the basket, the defense cannot restrict his or her movement by drawing a charge.
A related call is the player control foul.
Other fouls on the ball-carrierIn the NBA, the ball-carrier cannot attempt to dribble past a defender where there is not enough space, such as dribbling between a defender and either a boundary or another defensive player. If the ball-carrier has space to put head and shoulders past the defender, then the defender is responsible.
In FIBA, this rule is not codified, but contact caused by the dribbler is still penalized.
Fouls away from the ballThe rules are symmetrical for contact between offensive and defensive players not involving the ball-carrier. Any player has the right to a position on the court legally acquired. A player acquiring a position that will impede an opponent must respect the elements of time and distance; that is, not take a position so close, or so quickly, that the opponent cannot avoid contact. This includes gradually slowing down after running with the opponent, and situations where the opponent is shielded from seeing the player's movement.
Other personal foulsPushing
Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement).
Holding
Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example, physically grabbing a player driving to the basket).
Illegal Use of Hands
Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a shooter).
Hand Checking
Contact by the defense on a ballhandler that impedes a player's speed, quickness, rhythm, and/or balance.
Illegal Use of Elbow
Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt to gain a better position.
Illegal Use of Legs, Knees(On Dunk)
Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender
Non-foulReferees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the game excessively violent. The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, though they do not define it.[5]
When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team.
The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though physical contact may be a foul.
Penalties
The official scorer records the foul in two counts of fouls on the scoresheet:
In some rulebooks, such as that of FIBA, a technical foul is included in the count of player fouls.
If the game goes to overtime, counts of player fouls are not reset, but each overtime period has its own count of team fouls.
Fouling outA player who commits five personal fouls over the course of a 40-minute game,[7] or six in a 48-minute game, fouls out and is disqualified for the remainder of the game. A player within one or two fouls of fouling out is in "foul trouble." Players who foul out are not ejected and may remain in the bench area for the remainder of the game. Fouling out of a game is not a disciplinary action.
In the NCAA and FIBA, if a team is reduced to five players by injury or ejection, and one of them commits a sixth foul or is ejected, play continues with that team reduced to four players.
In the NBA and WNBA, no team can be reduced to four players, so such a player stays in the game. If another of the five players is ejected or injured, the last player to foul out rejoins the game. In these reinsertions, the team is assessed a technical foul. In addition, any additional foul the player commits draws another technical foul. This results in one or an extra free throw for the opponents, even if the player's foul would not normally result in free throws. (These technical fouls are not for unsportsmanlike conduct, so they do not result in ejections from the game.)
Strategy
Fans and commentators often call an infraction a "good foul," such as when the foul is against a player who would otherwise have made a sure basket. By fouling the player and preventing an easy two points, the defender forces the offensive player to "earn" the two points from the free throw line. However, if the foul does not prevent the player from scoring, the basket is counted and the fouled player gets an additional free throw.
After the fouled player shoots free throws, the team that was on defense is likely to gain possession of the ball. This is by award, if the final free throw was made. Even if it is missed, defensive players can occupy better positions at the side of the lane to get the rebound.
Near the end of the game, a team that is losing may purposefully foul offensive players to stop the clock and regain possession of the ball, with the hope that the player will miss his free throws. Coaches study free-throw percentages, so that the defense will foul a ball carrier who is poor at free-throw shooting. The "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy was famously practiced against Shaquille O'Neal in view of his poor percentage. The defense is not free to foul its choice of the five offensive players, as a foul "away from the ball" results in free throws plus possession.
Violations
In basketball, a violation is the most minor class of illegal action. Most violations are committed by the team with possession of the ball, when a player mishandles the ball or makes an illegal move. The typical penalty for a violation is loss of the ball to the other team. This is one type of turnover.
Wikipedia has the following articles on violations:
Acts involving contact between opponents or unsportsmanlike conduct are called fouls, usually a personal foul.
1. Carrying, also colloquially referred to as palming, is a violation in the game of basketball. It occurs when the dribbling player continues to dribble after allowing the ball to come to rest in one or both hands. Carrying is similar to a double dribble because the player momentarily stops dribbling and then resumes dribbling. If the player is in motion while carrying the ball, then it is similar to traveling. Players can avoid a carrying violation by keeping their palms facing the floor while dribbling.
Most basketball players slide their hand to one side of the ball when dribbling to better control the ball, directing it from left to right and vice versa. So long as the ball does not come to rest this is perfectly legal. Moreover, dribbling this way allows more control and easier ball-handling. The problem arises when the ball-handler slides their hand too far down the side of the ball, having their hand below the ball. This is when the player is in violation and a carrying violation has been committed.
2. defensive three-second violation, also known as illegal defense, is a basketball rules infraction in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It is assessed when a member of the defending team spends more than three seconds in the free throw lane (also known as the 16-foot lane, or colloquially as "in the paint") while not actively guarding an opponent. To be considered actively guarding, a defender must be within arm's length of an opponent and in a guarding position.[1] A three-second count is suspended if:[2][clarification needed]
In addition, a player guarding an opponent with the ball may be in the paint without actively guarding the opponent.[3]
The team committing a defensive three-second violation is assessed a team technical foul. The offense will receive one free throw and retain possession of the ball.[4]
Prior to the 2001–2002 NBA season, any form of zone defense was considered an illegal defense violation and resulted in a warning on the first violation and then a technical foul for any subsequent violations.[5] The Philippine Basketball Association used to follow the illegal defense rule until the 2003 PBA season when it was abolished and reverted its rule starting in the 2015–16 PBA season.[6] The high school game does not use this rule, nor does European basketball.
The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) started using it in 2013.[7]
3. Under all basketball rule sets, a team attempting to throw a ball in-bounds has a total of five seconds to release the ball towards the court.[1] The five second clock starts when the basketball is at the disposal of the team with possession (usually bounced or handed to a player while out of bounds by the official).
4. A five-second closely guarded violation may be called against an offensive player with the ball when that player is guarded closely for five seconds or more and does not pass, shoot, or dribble within that time. Under NCAA men's rules, to be considered "closely guarded", a defender must be guarding a player who is located in the frontcourt and within six (6) feet of the player.[2] The count applies to a player who is only holding the ball. Prior to the 2015-16 season,[3] the rule included those dribbling the ball as well. This allows for multiple closely guarded counts to occur. NCAA women's rules require the defender to be within three (3) feet and can occur anywhere on the playing court, but only applies when the offensive player is holding the ball.[4] A count ends whenever the player with the ball gets his head and shoulders past the defender, the defender is no longer within the required distance, the same defender does not continuously closely guard the player in control of the ball, or another opponent is between the defender and the ball.[5]
High school rules mimic men's college basketball's closely guarded rule. A defender must be guarding the player in control of the ball, in the frontcourt, and must be within six feet of the player. A player may be holding or dribbling the ball. If defensive teammates switch, and both are within six feet of the player in control of the ball, the same count is continued.
Under FIBA rules, a defender must be within one meter of a player holding the ball and must be in an active guarding position.[6] This count can occur anywhere on the playing court.
A five-second count will begin if an offensive player with the ball and not facing-up start dribbling below the free throw line extended while being closely guarded or starts dribbling outside and then penetrates below the free throw line extended while being closely guarded. (The five-second count commences when the offensive player penetrates the free throw line extended.) After five seconds, a violation will have occurred and the offensive team will lose possession.
PenaltyThe penalty for a five-second closely guarded violation is loss of ball. The opposing team will throw-in the ball from the out-of-bounds spot nearest the violation.
5. Five-second back to the basket violationA player in the frontcourt, below the free throw line extended, is not permitted to dribble the ball with his back or side to the basket for more than five seconds.[7] A count ends when:[7]
Penalty
Loss of ball. The opponent is awarded the ball at the free throw line extended.
6.Five-second free throw violationA free throw shooter, under FIBA rules, must throw the ball towards the hoop within five seconds after an official places it at his disposal.[8] (Under North American rule sets, the shooter is allowed 10 seconds.)
PenaltyIf the free throw is successful, then the point shall not count. The ball is awarded to the opponent at the free throw line extended unless another free throw is to follow or a possession penalty is to follow.[9]
7.A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game. It is normally associated with basketball, but is also used in snooker, pro lacrosse, water polo, korfball, and ten-pin bowling. It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football.
In basketball, the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game's pace (and scoring levels).[1] The offensive team must attempt a field goal (defined as the ball leaving the player's hand and either touching the rim or entering the basket) before the shot clock expires. If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit, they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires, it is not a violation so long as it left the player's hand before expiration. The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds.
The three seconds rule (also referred to as the three-second rule or three in the key, with a breach often termed a lane violation) requires that in basketball, a player shall not remain in the opponents' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while his team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running.[1]
The three-second rule was introduced in 1936 and was then expressed: no offensive player could remain in the free throw lane, with or without the ball, for more than three seconds.
8. In basketball, basket interference is the violation of (a) touching the ball or any part of the basket while the ball is on the rim of the basket, (b) touching the ball when it is within the cylinder extending upwards from the rim, (c) reaching up through the basket from below and touching the ball, whether it is inside or outside the cylinder, or (d) pulling down on the rim of the basket so that it contacts the ball before returning to its original position. How the ball gets into the cylinder or onto the basket is irrelevant under high school and NCAA rules; e.g., a throw-in touched within the cylinder is basket interference, even though such a play could not score a goal.[3] This similar play under NBA rules would not be basket interference.[4]
9. In basketball, goaltending is the violation of interfering with the ball while its on its way to the basket and it is (a) in a downward flight and might not go in, (b) entirely above the rim and has the possibility of entering the basket, and (c) not touching the rim. In NCAA basketball, WNBA and NBA basketball, goaltending is also called if the ball has already touched the backboard while being above the height of the rim in its flight, regardless of whether it being in an upward or downward flight or whether it is directly above the rim. Goaltending in this context defines by exclusion what is considered a legal block of a field goal. In high school and NCAA basketball, goaltending is also called when a player interferes with a free throw at any time in its flight towards the basket.[1][6] If goaltending is called for interference with a field goal, the shooting team is awarded the points for the field goal as if it had been made. In high school and NCAA basketball, if goaltending is called on a free throw, the shooting team is awarded one point and a technical foul is called against the offending player.
Goaltending is commonly confused with the related violation of basket interference (also called offensive goaltending) which occurs during an attempted field goal when a player touches the basket, the rim, or the ball when it is on the rim or directly above it. Like goaltending, basket interference when committed by the defending team results in an award of points to the shooting team as if the attempted field goal had been made.
In contrast to other sports, basketball has a clear origin. It is not the evolution from an ancient game or another sport and the inventor is well known: Dr. James Naismith.
Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada. He graduated as a physician at McGill University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports physiology.
In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School (today, Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding in 14 days an indoor game to provide "athletic distraction" for the students at the School for Christian Workers
After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse, Naismith recalled the concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that involved accuracy attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it.
Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game of basketball.
Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half the size of a present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into the basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each time and dribbling (bouncing of the ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original game.
The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the YMCA movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced in many nations. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
There were only thirteen rules of "basket ball".
- The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
- The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
- A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good speed.
- The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
- No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute.
- A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as described in rule 5.
- If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
- A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket and stays there If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall count as a goal.
- When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
- The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made.
- The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in-bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
- The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
- The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made.[2]
Dr. Luther Gulick-head of Physical education in Springfield College.
Mr. Lew Allen- made the cylindrical baskets of heavy woven wire.
5 Principles in Basketball
- The game is played with a round ball and with the hands.
- A player cannot run with the ball.
- Any player can take up any position on the playing court at any time.
- There shall be no physical contact between players.
- The goal or the basket shall be placed horizontally above the floor of the court.
Facilities and Equipment
The only essential equipment in basketball is the basketball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
A regulation basketball court in international games is 28 by 15 meters (approx. 92 by 49 ft) and in the NBA is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most courts are made of wood. A steel basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the court. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (1.2 m) inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height; a rim that is off by but a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.
There are also regulations on the size a basketball should be. If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5" in circumference (size 6) and a weight of 20 oz. For men, the official ball is 29.5" in circumference (size 7) and weighs 22 oz.
Other equipment
- Various line- 5 cm
- Ball weight-600-650 grams
- Circumference- 75-78 cm
- Backboard from endline-120 cm
- Metal hop-45 cm diameter
Players and substitute
- Players-when he is on the playing court and is entitled to play.
- Substitute- not on the playing court or in the court but not entitled to play because he has benn disqualified or has committed 5 fouls.
- 2 guards- good dribblers and passers, do most of ball handling responsibilities.
- 2 Forwards- taller and stronger the guards, good rebounders and can maneuver the ball close to the basket, long distance shooters.
- 1 center- tallest players and best rebounder. Should dominate the game. Can shot close range.
5 Basic Elements in Basketball
Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform quickly and properly. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills. While some players might be more experienced with some skills than others, it is best to have at least some ability in all five areas.
Dribbling
Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both hands.
Shooting
In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.
Running
Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball, running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.
Passing
Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.
Jumping
Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.
Other form of Strategy:
- Rebounding- Rebounding is where you get a chance to compete for possession of the basketball.
- Blocking out- In basketball, a block or blocked shot occurs when a defensive player legally deflects a field goal attempt from an offensive player. The defender is not allowed to make contact with the offensive player's hand (unless it is in contact with the ball) or a foul is called. Block Out or Box Out - Getting your body between the basketball player and the basket to get a rebound.
- Blocked Shot - When a defensive basketball player makes contact with the basketball while another player is shooting the ball.
- Screening- In basketball, the offensive player setting the pick must remain stationary at the moment of contact with the defender; a screen is illegal if the screener moves in order to make contact, and obtains an advantage; the result is an offensive foul.
- The pick and roll (also called screen and roll or shortened to screen roll, any of which may be hyphenated) in basketball is an offensive play in which a player sets a screen (pick) for a teammate handling the ball and then slips behind the defender (rolls) to accept a pass.
- Fast break -a play or method of play that brings the ball from one end of the court to the other quickly, usually by one or two quick passes in an attempt by the offensive team to score before the defensive team can get into position.
- Delay- Delay of game is an action in a sports game in which a player or team deliberately stalls the game, usually with the intention of using the delay to its advantage. Designed to use up the time. However the attacking team must shoot the within a certain time. Otherwise the defending team will be awarded the ball.
- Zone defense is a type of defense, used in team sports, which is the alternative to man-to-man defense; instead of each player guarding a corresponding player on the other team, each defensive player is given an area known as a "zone" to cover.
- Man-to-man defense is a type of defensive tactic used in team sports such as American football, association football, basketball, and netball, in which each player is assigned to defend and follow the movements of a single player on offense.
Types of Foul
Basketball has always had the concept of fouls. In 1891, James Naismith's original 13 rules[1] defined a foul as:
- running with the ball,
- holding the ball with the arms or body,
- striking the ball with the fist,
- shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent.
Originally, on a player's second foul, the player would be removed without substitution until the next successful goal (similar to a penalty in ice hockey). Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws. In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws.
The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets as many free throws as the point value of the shot he or she attempted (except that, if the shot was successful, the player takes one free throw).
Charging and blocking"Offensive fouls" redirects here.
When significant illegal contact between the ball-carrier and a defender occurs, it usually means that either --
- The defender committed a blocking foul, or
- The ball-carrier committed the offensive foul of charging.
Generally, the ball-carrier committed a charge if all of the following are true:
- The defender was still, or moving sideways or backward but not forward, when contact occurred.
- The defender took a legal guarding position before the contact, that is, one with both feet on the floor.
- The defender was hit on the torso (as opposed to the arm or leg).
A charging foul is not called if the ball-handler is within a 4-foot (1.22m) radius around the center of the basket (known as the "restricted area"). That is, if the ball-carrier is under the basket, the defense cannot restrict his or her movement by drawing a charge.
A related call is the player control foul.
Other fouls on the ball-carrierIn the NBA, the ball-carrier cannot attempt to dribble past a defender where there is not enough space, such as dribbling between a defender and either a boundary or another defensive player. If the ball-carrier has space to put head and shoulders past the defender, then the defender is responsible.
In FIBA, this rule is not codified, but contact caused by the dribbler is still penalized.
Fouls away from the ballThe rules are symmetrical for contact between offensive and defensive players not involving the ball-carrier. Any player has the right to a position on the court legally acquired. A player acquiring a position that will impede an opponent must respect the elements of time and distance; that is, not take a position so close, or so quickly, that the opponent cannot avoid contact. This includes gradually slowing down after running with the opponent, and situations where the opponent is shielded from seeing the player's movement.
Other personal foulsPushing
Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement).
Holding
Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example, physically grabbing a player driving to the basket).
Illegal Use of Hands
Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a shooter).
Hand Checking
Contact by the defense on a ballhandler that impedes a player's speed, quickness, rhythm, and/or balance.
Illegal Use of Elbow
Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt to gain a better position.
Illegal Use of Legs, Knees(On Dunk)
Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender
Non-foulReferees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the game excessively violent. The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, though they do not define it.[5]
When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team.
The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though physical contact may be a foul.
Penalties
The official scorer records the foul in two counts of fouls on the scoresheet:
- As a player foul against the offending player during the game. A player who accumulates too many fouls will foul out (see below).
- As a team foul against the offending player's team during the current quarter or half. A team that accumulates too many fouls in that period enters the penalty situation and puts the other team into the "bonus." In college basketball, another, higher number of team fouls gives the other team a "double bonus" (men only) regarding the number of free throws. (See the article on free throws.)
In some rulebooks, such as that of FIBA, a technical foul is included in the count of player fouls.
If the game goes to overtime, counts of player fouls are not reset, but each overtime period has its own count of team fouls.
Fouling outA player who commits five personal fouls over the course of a 40-minute game,[7] or six in a 48-minute game, fouls out and is disqualified for the remainder of the game. A player within one or two fouls of fouling out is in "foul trouble." Players who foul out are not ejected and may remain in the bench area for the remainder of the game. Fouling out of a game is not a disciplinary action.
In the NCAA and FIBA, if a team is reduced to five players by injury or ejection, and one of them commits a sixth foul or is ejected, play continues with that team reduced to four players.
In the NBA and WNBA, no team can be reduced to four players, so such a player stays in the game. If another of the five players is ejected or injured, the last player to foul out rejoins the game. In these reinsertions, the team is assessed a technical foul. In addition, any additional foul the player commits draws another technical foul. This results in one or an extra free throw for the opponents, even if the player's foul would not normally result in free throws. (These technical fouls are not for unsportsmanlike conduct, so they do not result in ejections from the game.)
Strategy
Fans and commentators often call an infraction a "good foul," such as when the foul is against a player who would otherwise have made a sure basket. By fouling the player and preventing an easy two points, the defender forces the offensive player to "earn" the two points from the free throw line. However, if the foul does not prevent the player from scoring, the basket is counted and the fouled player gets an additional free throw.
After the fouled player shoots free throws, the team that was on defense is likely to gain possession of the ball. This is by award, if the final free throw was made. Even if it is missed, defensive players can occupy better positions at the side of the lane to get the rebound.
Near the end of the game, a team that is losing may purposefully foul offensive players to stop the clock and regain possession of the ball, with the hope that the player will miss his free throws. Coaches study free-throw percentages, so that the defense will foul a ball carrier who is poor at free-throw shooting. The "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy was famously practiced against Shaquille O'Neal in view of his poor percentage. The defense is not free to foul its choice of the five offensive players, as a foul "away from the ball" results in free throws plus possession.
Violations
In basketball, a violation is the most minor class of illegal action. Most violations are committed by the team with possession of the ball, when a player mishandles the ball or makes an illegal move. The typical penalty for a violation is loss of the ball to the other team. This is one type of turnover.
Wikipedia has the following articles on violations:
- Ball-handling violations:
- Backcourt violation (Over and back)
- Carrying
- Double-dribble
- Traveling
- Excessive time taken:
- Defensive three-second violation (Illegal defense) (penalized as a technical foul)
- Five-second rule
- Shot clock violation, and the related time limit to reach the frontcourt (8- or 10-second violation)
- Three seconds rule (Lane violation)
- Other violations:
Acts involving contact between opponents or unsportsmanlike conduct are called fouls, usually a personal foul.
1. Carrying, also colloquially referred to as palming, is a violation in the game of basketball. It occurs when the dribbling player continues to dribble after allowing the ball to come to rest in one or both hands. Carrying is similar to a double dribble because the player momentarily stops dribbling and then resumes dribbling. If the player is in motion while carrying the ball, then it is similar to traveling. Players can avoid a carrying violation by keeping their palms facing the floor while dribbling.
Most basketball players slide their hand to one side of the ball when dribbling to better control the ball, directing it from left to right and vice versa. So long as the ball does not come to rest this is perfectly legal. Moreover, dribbling this way allows more control and easier ball-handling. The problem arises when the ball-handler slides their hand too far down the side of the ball, having their hand below the ball. This is when the player is in violation and a carrying violation has been committed.
2. defensive three-second violation, also known as illegal defense, is a basketball rules infraction in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It is assessed when a member of the defending team spends more than three seconds in the free throw lane (also known as the 16-foot lane, or colloquially as "in the paint") while not actively guarding an opponent. To be considered actively guarding, a defender must be within arm's length of an opponent and in a guarding position.[1] A three-second count is suspended if:[2][clarification needed]
In addition, a player guarding an opponent with the ball may be in the paint without actively guarding the opponent.[3]
The team committing a defensive three-second violation is assessed a team technical foul. The offense will receive one free throw and retain possession of the ball.[4]
Prior to the 2001–2002 NBA season, any form of zone defense was considered an illegal defense violation and resulted in a warning on the first violation and then a technical foul for any subsequent violations.[5] The Philippine Basketball Association used to follow the illegal defense rule until the 2003 PBA season when it was abolished and reverted its rule starting in the 2015–16 PBA season.[6] The high school game does not use this rule, nor does European basketball.
The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) started using it in 2013.[7]
3. Under all basketball rule sets, a team attempting to throw a ball in-bounds has a total of five seconds to release the ball towards the court.[1] The five second clock starts when the basketball is at the disposal of the team with possession (usually bounced or handed to a player while out of bounds by the official).
4. A five-second closely guarded violation may be called against an offensive player with the ball when that player is guarded closely for five seconds or more and does not pass, shoot, or dribble within that time. Under NCAA men's rules, to be considered "closely guarded", a defender must be guarding a player who is located in the frontcourt and within six (6) feet of the player.[2] The count applies to a player who is only holding the ball. Prior to the 2015-16 season,[3] the rule included those dribbling the ball as well. This allows for multiple closely guarded counts to occur. NCAA women's rules require the defender to be within three (3) feet and can occur anywhere on the playing court, but only applies when the offensive player is holding the ball.[4] A count ends whenever the player with the ball gets his head and shoulders past the defender, the defender is no longer within the required distance, the same defender does not continuously closely guard the player in control of the ball, or another opponent is between the defender and the ball.[5]
High school rules mimic men's college basketball's closely guarded rule. A defender must be guarding the player in control of the ball, in the frontcourt, and must be within six feet of the player. A player may be holding or dribbling the ball. If defensive teammates switch, and both are within six feet of the player in control of the ball, the same count is continued.
Under FIBA rules, a defender must be within one meter of a player holding the ball and must be in an active guarding position.[6] This count can occur anywhere on the playing court.
A five-second count will begin if an offensive player with the ball and not facing-up start dribbling below the free throw line extended while being closely guarded or starts dribbling outside and then penetrates below the free throw line extended while being closely guarded. (The five-second count commences when the offensive player penetrates the free throw line extended.) After five seconds, a violation will have occurred and the offensive team will lose possession.
PenaltyThe penalty for a five-second closely guarded violation is loss of ball. The opposing team will throw-in the ball from the out-of-bounds spot nearest the violation.
5. Five-second back to the basket violationA player in the frontcourt, below the free throw line extended, is not permitted to dribble the ball with his back or side to the basket for more than five seconds.[7] A count ends when:[7]
- Player picks up his dribbling
- Player dribbles above the free throw line extended
- The defense deflects the ball
Penalty
Loss of ball. The opponent is awarded the ball at the free throw line extended.
6.Five-second free throw violationA free throw shooter, under FIBA rules, must throw the ball towards the hoop within five seconds after an official places it at his disposal.[8] (Under North American rule sets, the shooter is allowed 10 seconds.)
PenaltyIf the free throw is successful, then the point shall not count. The ball is awarded to the opponent at the free throw line extended unless another free throw is to follow or a possession penalty is to follow.[9]
7.A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game. It is normally associated with basketball, but is also used in snooker, pro lacrosse, water polo, korfball, and ten-pin bowling. It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football.
In basketball, the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game's pace (and scoring levels).[1] The offensive team must attempt a field goal (defined as the ball leaving the player's hand and either touching the rim or entering the basket) before the shot clock expires. If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit, they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires, it is not a violation so long as it left the player's hand before expiration. The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds.
The three seconds rule (also referred to as the three-second rule or three in the key, with a breach often termed a lane violation) requires that in basketball, a player shall not remain in the opponents' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while his team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running.[1]
The three-second rule was introduced in 1936 and was then expressed: no offensive player could remain in the free throw lane, with or without the ball, for more than three seconds.
8. In basketball, basket interference is the violation of (a) touching the ball or any part of the basket while the ball is on the rim of the basket, (b) touching the ball when it is within the cylinder extending upwards from the rim, (c) reaching up through the basket from below and touching the ball, whether it is inside or outside the cylinder, or (d) pulling down on the rim of the basket so that it contacts the ball before returning to its original position. How the ball gets into the cylinder or onto the basket is irrelevant under high school and NCAA rules; e.g., a throw-in touched within the cylinder is basket interference, even though such a play could not score a goal.[3] This similar play under NBA rules would not be basket interference.[4]
9. In basketball, goaltending is the violation of interfering with the ball while its on its way to the basket and it is (a) in a downward flight and might not go in, (b) entirely above the rim and has the possibility of entering the basket, and (c) not touching the rim. In NCAA basketball, WNBA and NBA basketball, goaltending is also called if the ball has already touched the backboard while being above the height of the rim in its flight, regardless of whether it being in an upward or downward flight or whether it is directly above the rim. Goaltending in this context defines by exclusion what is considered a legal block of a field goal. In high school and NCAA basketball, goaltending is also called when a player interferes with a free throw at any time in its flight towards the basket.[1][6] If goaltending is called for interference with a field goal, the shooting team is awarded the points for the field goal as if it had been made. In high school and NCAA basketball, if goaltending is called on a free throw, the shooting team is awarded one point and a technical foul is called against the offending player.
Goaltending is commonly confused with the related violation of basket interference (also called offensive goaltending) which occurs during an attempted field goal when a player touches the basket, the rim, or the ball when it is on the rim or directly above it. Like goaltending, basket interference when committed by the defending team results in an award of points to the shooting team as if the attempted field goal had been made.