Introduction to Play, Game and Sports
A. According to Johann Huizinga that play is activity that is free, stands outside ordinary life, it is serious, regulated by rules that evolve during the process of the activity, and results in no material to be gain.
So play is actually free, imaginative and it has regulations to follow. There are 4 categories of play:
1. Alea- this is games of luck
2. Mimicry- it is pretense or the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
3. vertigo- whirling and turning activities
4. Agon- a struggle or contest, dramatic conflict between the chief characters .
Types of play
The thing to notice is that the first four types of play don’t involve much interaction with others, while the last two do.
While children shift between the types of play, children participated less in the first four types of play and more in the last two – those which involved greater interaction.
The pioneering developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky thought that, in the preschool years, play is the leading source of development.
Through play children learn and practice many basic social skills.
They develop a sense of self, learn to interact with other children, how to make friends, how to lie and how to role-play.
B. According to Roger Caillois- Play is an activity that contains and elements of play, characterized by playful competition, physical limitation is defined by rules and an outcome is determined by skill, strategy and by chance.
Game is uncertain, no planning/preparation is required and it is an instant occurrences.
Classification of Games:
1. Tag games
2. Relay games
3. Social games
4. games with equipment
5. games without equipment
6. ball games
C. According to Peter Mcintosh- Sports is an activity that may contain one or more elements of play and game but more specially, has the components of competition, physical prowess, skill and superiority.
Sport is highly organized, it is an institutionalized game, patterns and it is a social institution.
Categories of Sport:
1. Competitive
2. Combat
3. expressive
4. conquest
Types of Degree of involvement:
1. Consumer
1.1 Primary Consumer
1.2 Secondary Consumer
1.3 Tertiary Consumer
2. Producer
2.1 Primary Consumer
2.2 Secondary Consumer
2.3 Tertiary Consumer
A. According to Johann Huizinga that play is activity that is free, stands outside ordinary life, it is serious, regulated by rules that evolve during the process of the activity, and results in no material to be gain.
So play is actually free, imaginative and it has regulations to follow. There are 4 categories of play:
1. Alea- this is games of luck
2. Mimicry- it is pretense or the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
3. vertigo- whirling and turning activities
4. Agon- a struggle or contest, dramatic conflict between the chief characters .
Types of play
The thing to notice is that the first four types of play don’t involve much interaction with others, while the last two do.
While children shift between the types of play, children participated less in the first four types of play and more in the last two – those which involved greater interaction.
- Unoccupied play: the child is relatively stationary and appears to be performing random movements with no apparent purpose. A relatively infrequent style of play.
- Solitary play: the child is are completely engrossed in playing and does not seem to notice other children. Most often seen in children between 2 and 3 years-old.
- Onlooker play: child takes an interest in other children’s play but does not join in. May ask questions or just talk to other children, but the main activity is simply to watch.
- Parallel play: the child mimics other children’s play but doesn’t actively engage with them. For example they may use the same toy.
- Associative play: now more interested in each other than the toys they are using. This is the first category that involves strong social interaction between the children while they play.
- Cooperative play: some organisation enters children’s play, for example the playing has some goal and children often adopt roles and act as a group.
The pioneering developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky thought that, in the preschool years, play is the leading source of development.
Through play children learn and practice many basic social skills.
They develop a sense of self, learn to interact with other children, how to make friends, how to lie and how to role-play.
B. According to Roger Caillois- Play is an activity that contains and elements of play, characterized by playful competition, physical limitation is defined by rules and an outcome is determined by skill, strategy and by chance.
Game is uncertain, no planning/preparation is required and it is an instant occurrences.
Classification of Games:
1. Tag games
2. Relay games
3. Social games
4. games with equipment
5. games without equipment
6. ball games
C. According to Peter Mcintosh- Sports is an activity that may contain one or more elements of play and game but more specially, has the components of competition, physical prowess, skill and superiority.
Sport is highly organized, it is an institutionalized game, patterns and it is a social institution.
Categories of Sport:
1. Competitive
2. Combat
3. expressive
4. conquest
Types of Degree of involvement:
1. Consumer
1.1 Primary Consumer
1.2 Secondary Consumer
1.3 Tertiary Consumer
2. Producer
2.1 Primary Consumer
2.2 Secondary Consumer
2.3 Tertiary Consumer